Royal Society of Chemistry, Environmental Science: Nano, 3(4), p. 526-538
DOI: 10.1039/c6en00282j
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SERENADE is a French project which aims to develop and apply the " safer by design " process to create safer nano-products. It achieves this goal by combining knowledge and scientific approaches from a range of disciplines towards this common goal. This tutorial review presents the conceptual approach to " Safer by Design " and provides several examples of case studies primarily for TiO 2 (anatase) present in paints and cements to demonstrate how the approach can inform design decisions. Particular attention is paid to chronic low dose exposure scenarios.