AbstractSeveral mechanisms have been proposed for the beneficial effect of nuts on health. However, Brazil and cashew nuts remain the least studied. We aim to evaluate the effect of these nuts within an energy-restricted diet on body weight, body composition, cardiometabolic markers and endothelial function in cardiometabolic risk women. Brazilian nuts study is a randomised controlled parallel 8-week dietary intervention trial. Forty women were randomly allocated to (1) control group: energy-restricted diet without nuts, n 19 or (2) Brazil and cashew nuts group (BN-Group): energy-restricted diet containing daily 45 g of nuts (15 g of Brazil nuts + 30 g of cashew nuts), n 21. At the beginning and final intervention, anthropometry, body composition and blood pressure were measured. Fasting blood sampling was obtained to evaluate lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and endothelial function markers. After 8-week, plasma Se concentration increased in BN-group (Δ = + 31·5 (sem 7·8) μg/l; P = 0·001). Brazil and cashew nuts intake reduced total body fat (–1·3 (sem 0·4) %) parallel to improvement of lean mass percentage in BN-group compared with the control. Besides, the soluble adhesion molecule VCAM-1 decreased (24·03 (sem 15·7) pg/ml v. −22·2 (sem 10·3) pg/ml; P = 0·019) after Brazil and cashew nuts intake compared with the control. However, lipid and glucose profile markers, apolipoproteins and blood pressure remained unchanged after the intervention. Thus, the addition of Brazil and cashew nuts to an energy-restricted diet can be a healthy strategy to improve body composition, Se status and endothelial inflammation in cardiometabolic risk women.