AbstractPredominantly based on studies from high-income countries, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has been associated with increased risk of infections and infection-related hospitalizations (IRHs). We here explore in-hospital outcomes of IRHs in patients with different kidney function. A total of 6,283 adults, not on renal replacement therapy, with a discharge diagnosis of infection, and with an eGFR 1–12 months before index hospitalization, were included from four hospitals in China. We compared in-hospital outcomes (death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of hospital stay (LOHS) and medical expenses), between patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD, defined as eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min per 1.73 m² of body surface area) by mixed-effects logistic regression model or generalized linear model. The odds for in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 1.41; 95% CI 1.02–1.96) and ICU admission (OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.64–2.91) were higher among patients with CKD. The median LOHS was significantly higher for CKD patients (11 days vs. 10 days in non-CKD, P < 0.001), and inferred costs were 20.0% higher adjusted for inflation rate based on costs in 2012 (P < 0.001). Patients with CKD hospitalized with infections are at increased risk of poorer in-hospital outcomes, conveying higher medical costs.