In view of the significant role of material science in industrial production, the analysis and research on mechanical properties of materials and parts are of great significance to equipment production and machining. This paper, based on the finite element analysis of ANSYS software, will carry out the exploration and research on characteristics of material fatigue damage within mechanical materials and parts in a degree. Then, the general laws of material fatigue properties will be concluded from theoretical analysis, drawing of curve and equal-life curve as well as some comparisons between materials and parts. Finally, the correctness will be tested with the help of ANSYS software, which is an excellent finite element analysis software with abilities of modeling and simulation. Meanwhile, the whole process can provide somewhat valuable references and citations for practical applications, teachings, researches and academic conferences on material fatigue damage theory.