Dissemin is shutting down on January 1st, 2025

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Springer Verlag, Astrophysics and Space Science, 2(356), p. 393-398

DOI: 10.1007/s10509-014-2211-5

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The Cosmic Equation of State

Journal article published in 2014 by Fulvio Melia ORCID
This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

The cosmic spacetime is often described in terms of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric, though the adoption of this elegant and convenient solution to Einstein's equations does not tell us much about the equation of state, $p=wρ$, in terms of the total energy density $ρ$ and pressure $p$ of the cosmic fluid. $Λ$CDM and the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ Universe are both FRW cosmologies that partition $ρ$ into (at least) three components, matter $ρ_{\rm m}$, radiation $ρ_{\rm r}$, and a poorly understood dark energy $ρ_{\rm de}$, though the latter goes one step further by also invoking the constraint $w=-1/3$. This condition is apparently required by the simultaneous application of the Cosmological principle and Weyl's postulate. Model selection tools in one-on-one comparisons between these two cosmologies favor $R_{\rm h}=ct$, indicating that its likelihood of being correct is $∼ 90\%$ versus only $∼ 10\%$ for $Λ$CDM. Nonetheless, the predictions of $Λ$CDM often come quite close to those of $R_{\rm h}=ct$, suggesting that its parameters are optimized to mimic the $w=-1/3$ equation-of-state. In this paper, we explore this hypothesis quantitatively and demonstrate that the equation of state in $R_{\rm h}=ct$ helps us to understand why the optimized fraction $Ω_{\rm m}≡ ρ_m/ρ$ in $Λ$CDM must be $∼ 0.27$, an otherwise seemingly random variable. We show that when one forces $Λ$CDM to satisfy the equation of state $w=(ρ_{\rm r}/3-ρ_{\rm de})/ρ$, the value of the Hubble radius today, $c/H_0$, can equal its measured value $ct_0$ only with $Ω_{\rm m}∼0.27$ when the equation-of-state for dark energy is $w_{\rm de}=-1$. (We also show, however, that the inferred values of $Ω_{\rm m}$ and $w_{\rm de}$ change in a correlated fashion if dark energy is not a cosmological constant, so that $w_{\rm de}\not= -1$.) This peculiar value of $Ω_{\rm m}$ therefore appears to be a direct consequence of trying to fit the data with the equation of state $w=(ρ_{\rm r}/3-ρ_{\rm de})/ρ$ in a Universe whose principal constraint is instead $R_{\rm h}=ct$ or, equivalently, $w=-1/3$.