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Wiley, Advanced Materials, 5(29), p. 1604708, 2016

DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604708

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In operando mechanism analysis on nanocrystalline silicon anode material for reversible and ultrafast sodium storage

This paper was not found in any repository, but could be made available legally by the author.
This paper was not found in any repository, but could be made available legally by the author.

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Abstract

Presently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most promising commercialized electrochemical energy storage systems. Unfortunately, the limited resource of Li results in increasing cost for its scalable application and a general consciousness of the need to find new type of energy storage technologies. Very recently, substantial effort has been invested to sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their effectively unlimited nature of sodium resources. Furthermore, the potential of Li/Li+ is 0.3 V lower than that of Na/Na+, which makes it more effective to limit the electrolyte degradation on the outer surface of the electrode.[1] Nevertheless, one major obstacle for the commercial application of SIBs is the larger ionic radius of Na+ (0.98 Å) which is 0.29 Å larger than that of Li+, resulting in easier structural degradation for the Na+ host materials.[2,3] As anode materials for SIBs, the traditional carbon-based materials like hard carbon[4] and porous carbon,[5,6] tin (Sn),[7] and antimony (Sb)[8] show poor cycle performance due to their large volume expansion caused by Na+ insertion.