Inflammation is a common finding in histologic prostate specimens obtained from aging men, and accumulating data suggest that inflammation may play an important role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and the development and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Inflammatory processes may contribute to prostatic enlargement directly through stimulation of prostate growth, or, alternatively, through decreasing prostatic apoptosis. Additionally, inflammatory processes may impact other components of the urogenital tract, such as the bladder, and contribute to the LUTS that may be experienced both in the presence and in the absence of prostate enlargement. Current research therefore offers clues about converging inflammatory pathways which may be targeted to improve treatment of BPH and/or LUTS as well as identifying potential targets for prevention of these syndromes.