In a recent workshop organized by the NIH-NHLBI, investigators working on different aspects of lung biology met to discuss recent progress regarding the origin, development, and characterization of the various cell lineages present in the lung in both normal and disease states. The workshop was entitled “Resident Cellular Components of the Human Lung: Current Knowledge and Goals for Research on Cell Phenotyping and Function.” In this article we will highlight some of the developmental aspects of the lung discussed at the meeting. We will review information about developmental signals that are possibly reactivated during lung regeneration/repair and disease processes, and we will pose the questions and challenges viewed to be relevant to further advance the field.