Background : Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow concentrates is an attractive approach to conveniently activate the chondrogenic differentiation processes as a means to improve the intrinsic repair capacities of damaged articular cartilage. ; Methods : Human bone marrow aspirates were co-transduced with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to overexpress the pleiotropic transformation growth factor beta (TGF-β) and the cartilage-specific transcription factor sox9 as a means to enhance the chondroreparative processes in conditions of specific lineage differentiation. ; Results : Successful TGF-β/sox9 combined gene transfer and overexpression via rAAV was achieved in chondrogenically induced human bone marrow aspirates for up to 21 days, the longest time point evaluated, leading to increased proliferation, matrix synthesis, and chondrogenic differentiation relative to control treatments (reporter lacZ treatment, absence of vector application) especially when co-applying the candidate vectors at the highest vector doses tested. Optimal co-administration of TGF-β with sox9 also advantageously reduced hypertrophic differentiation in the aspirates. ; Conclusions : These findings report the possibility of directly modifying bone marrow aspirates by combined therapeutic gene transfer as a potent and convenient future approach to improve the repair of articular cartilage lesions.