Moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion is regarded as one of the most effective technologies to achieve extremely low NOx emissions of combustion. MILD combustion diluted by CO₂ and by N₂ are herein termed “MILD oxy-combustion” and “MILD air combustion”, respectively. The present study is to investigate the difference of the two by experimental observation in a furnace of 20 kW and chemical kinetics calculation of a well-stirred reactor (WSR). Also, to identify their difference in mechanism, reaction paths of combustion diluted with N₂ and CO₂ are examined. It is revealed that the region of MILD oxy-combustion is notably larger than that of MILD air combustion for gaseous fuels, which suggests that the requirement for establishing MILD combustion is less stringent with dilution by CO₂ than by N₂. The key reason is that the CO₂ dilution substantially lowers the temperature rise because of combustion, delays the ignition, and slows the overall reaction rate, thus facilitating the occurrence of MILD combustion. Detailed analyses show that the temperature reduction derives from the physical effect of CO₂ dilution, while the ignition delay results mainly from the chemical effect. Moreover, the investigation of reaction paths suggests that the CO₂ dilution increases the local CO production mainly through H + CO₂ → OH + CO and CO₂ + CH₂(s) → CO + CH₂O. ; Jianpeng Zhang, Jianchun Mi, Pengfei Li, Feifei Wang and Bassam B. Dally