Clinical operation of hDPSC injection. (A) Clinical assessments of the experimental periodontal bone defect immediately after osteotomy. (B) Intraoral photograph indicated the injection process of hDPSCs. (C) As demonstrated on a three-dimensional model, the suspension of hDPSCs was directly injected in the bottom of the alveolar bone defect area. (D) CT image showed the location of injected hDPSCs (red arrow). B bone, hDPSC human dental pulp stem cell. (TIF 4466 kb)