OBJECTIVES: To determine the variation in quantitative computed tomography (CT) measures of air trapping in low-dose chest CTs of heavy smokers. METHODS: We analysed 45 subjects from a lung cancer screening trial, examined by CT twice within 3‘months. Inspiratory and expiratory low-dose CT was obtained using breath hold instructions. CT air trapping was defined as the percentage of voxels in expiratory CT with an attenuation below -856‘HU (EXP(-856)) and the expiratory to inspiratory ratio of mean lung density (E/I-ratio(MLD)). Variation was determined using limits of agreement, defined as 1.96 times the standard deviation of the mean difference. The effect of both lung volume correction and breath hold reproducibility was determined. RESULTS: The limits of agreement for uncorrected CT air trapping measurements were -15.0 to 11.7‘\% (EXP(-856)) and -9.8 to 8.0‘\% (E/I-ratio(MLD)). Good breath hold reproducibility significantly narrowed the limits for EXP(-856) (-10.7 to 7.5‘\%, P?=?0.002), but not for E/I-ratio(MLD) (-9.2 to 7.9‘\%, P?=?0.75). Statistical lung volume correction did not improve the limits for EXP(-856) (-12.5 to 8.8‘\%, P?=?0.12) and E/I-ratio(MLD) (-7.5 to 5.8‘\%, P?=?0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative air trapping measures on low-dose CT of heavy smokers show considerable variation on repeat CT examinations, regardless of lung volume correction or reproducible breath holds. KEY POINTS: ‘ Computed tomography quantitatively measures small airways disease in heavy smokers. ‘ Measurements of air trapping vary considerably on repeat CT examinations. ‘ Variation remains substantial even with reproducible breath holds and lung volume correction.