Background: Increased expression of Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands has been implicated in promoting angiogenesis and tumour progression in several malignancies. Here the expression of mRNA for ephrin-B and EphB receptors in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines and primary tumours was investigated. Materials and Methods: Expression of mRNA for ephrin-B and EphB receptors in RMS cell lines and primary tumours was measured by real-time RT-PCR and compared with the expression in normal striated muscle. Results: A dysregulation of both ligands and receptors was found in all cell lines. In embryonal tumours, overexpression of ephrin-B1 correlated with overexpression of EphB1 (r=0.97, p