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Anatomical description and biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament in the goat knee

Journal article published in 2009 by M. Ronga, T. Tischer, M. Muriuki, A. Tsai, E. Ekdahl, P. Smolinski, P. Cherubino, Fu Fh
This paper was not found in any repository; the policy of its publisher is unknown or unclear.
This paper was not found in any repository; the policy of its publisher is unknown or unclear.

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Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to perform a detailed qualitatively and quantitatively assessment of the goat ACL, its bundles, its insertion sites and to describe the biomechanical function of the different bundles in order to evaluate its use for a double bundle ACL reconstruction model. Materials and Methods: Ten non-paired adult goat knees were used. We measured the insertion site area of each bundle. We analyzed the ratio between the femoral and tibial insertion site areas and the midsubstance cross-sectional area of the ACL. Microscribe 3D and 3D-laser camera were used to record the data. A CASPAR Stäubli RX90 robot with a six degree-of-freedom load cell was used for measurement of anterior tibial translation (ATT) [mm] and in situ forces [N] at 30° (full extension), 60°, 90° as well as rotational testing at 30° in 14 paired goat knees before and after each bundle was cut. Results: Three bundles could be clearly identified in each ACL: anteromedial (AM), intermediate (IM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle. On the tibial side, the insertion of the IM and PL bundles could not be identified separately. On the femur, the area of insertion site, represented as a percentage of the entire footprint, was 54.3 ± 7.8% for AM, 9.9 ± 3.8% for IM and 35.8 ± 4.4% for PL bundle. The area of tibial insertion was 68.6 ± 4.7% for AM and 31.4 ± 4.7% for IM/PL bundle. The differences between the entire femoral (51.9 ± 4.6 mm2) and tibial (81.1 ± 11.9 mm2) footprint areas and between each bundle were statistical significant (p