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Elsevier, Biological Psychiatry, 8(66), p. 722-727, 2009

DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.032

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Prenatal Smoking Might Not Cause Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a Novel Design

Journal article published in 2009 by Anita Thapar ORCID, Frances Rice, Dale Hay, Jacky Boivin ORCID, Kate Langley, Marianne van den Bree, Michael Rutter, Gordon Harold
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Abstract

It is widely considered that exposure to maternal cigarette smoking in pregnancy has risk effects on offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This view is supported by consistent observations of association. It is, however, impossible to be certain of adequate control for confounding factors with observational designs. We use a novel "natural experiment" design that separates prenatal environmental from alternative inherited effects.