Planck early results. XXV. Thermal dust in nearby molecular clouds

Planck-Collaboration,; Rubiño-Martín, Ja A.; PrÃ©zeau, G.; Pr√©zeau, G.; RubiÃ±o-Martãn, J. A.; Rubi√±o-Mart√≠n, J. A.; Bartlett, Jg G.; Battaner, E.; Benabed, K.; Benoit, A.; Bernard, J.-P.; Bersanelli, M.; Bhatia, R.; Bock, Jj J.; Bonaldi, A.; Bond, J. R.; Borrill, J.; Bouchet, Fr R.; Boulanger, F.; Bucher, M.; Burigana, C.; Abergel, Alain; Cabella, Paolo; Ade, Par A. R.; Cardoso, J.-F.; Aghanim, Nabila; Catalano, Andrea; Cayon, L.; Arnaud, M.; Collaboration, Planck; Challinor, A.; Ashdown, M.; Chamballu, A.; Aumont, J.; Chiang, L.-Y.; Clements, Dl L.; Chiang, C.; de Bernardis, P.; Christensen, Pr R.; Baccigalupi, Carlo; de Gasperis, G.; BenoÃ®t, A.; Balbi, A.; Colombi, S.; de Rosa, A.; Couchot, F.; Banday, Aj J.; de Zotti, G.; Coulais, A.; De Bernardis, Paolo; Barreiro, Rb B.; Crill, Bp P.; Cuttaia, F.; Beno√Æt, A.; Danese, Luigi; Cayón, L.; Davies, Rd D.; Davis, Rj J.; Désert, F.-X.; Delabrouille, J.; Delouis, J.-M.; Dickinson, Clive; CayÃ³n, L.; Dobashi, K.; Donzelli, S.; Dörl, U.; Dore, O.; Douspis, M.; Dupac, X.; Cay√≥n, L.; Desert, F.-X.; Efstathiou, G.; Ensslin, T. A.; Eriksen, Hk K.; Finelli, F.; Doerl, U.; Forni, O.; Frailis, M.; Franceschi, E.; Galeotta, S.; Ganga, K.; Giard, M.; Giardino, G.; Giraud-Héraud, Y.; Górski, K. M.; Gonzalez-Nuevo, Joaquin; Gratton, S.; Gregorio, A.; Gruppuso, A.; DÃ©sert, F. X.; Guillet, V.; Hansen, Fk K.; Harrison, D.; Henrot-Versillé, S.; Herranz, D.; Prezeau, G.; D√©sert, F. X.; Hildebrandt, S. R.; Hivon, E.; Hobson, M.; Holmes, Wa A.; Doré, O.; Hovest, W.; Hoyland, Rj J.; Huffenberger, Km M.; Jaffe, Ah H.; Jones, A.; Jones, Wc C.; Juvela, M.; Keihanen, E.; Keskitalo, R.; Kisner, Ts S.; Kneissl, R.; Dorl, U.; Knox, L.; Gorski, Km M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Lagache, G.; Lamarre, J.-M.; Lasenby, A.; Laureijs, Rj J.; Lawrence, Cr R.; Leach, Samuel M.; Leonardi, R.; Leroy, C.; López-Caniego, M.; Linden Vørnle, M.; Lubin, Pm M.; Macias Perez, J. F.; DorÃ©, O.; MacTavish, Cj J.; Maffei, B.; Mandolesi, N.; Mann, R.; Dor√©, O.; Maris, M.; Marshall, Dj J.; Martin, P.; Martinez Gonzalez, E.; Masi, Silvia; Matarrese, S.; Matthai, F.; Mazzotta, P.; McGehee, P.; Meinhold, Pr R.; Melchiorri, Alessandro; Mendes, L.; Mennella, A.; Mitra, S.; Miville-Deschênes, M.-A.; DÃ¶rl, U.; Moneti, A.; Montier, L.; Morgante, G.; Mortlock, Daniel; Munshi, D.; Murphy, A.; Enßlin, Ta A.; Naselsky, P.; Natoli, P.; Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Netterfield, Cb B.; Noviello, F.; Novikov, D.; Novikov, I.; Osborne, S.; Pajot, F.; Paladini, R.; Lopez-Caniego, M.; Pasian, F.; Piacentini, Francesco; Patanchon, G.; Piat, M.; Perdereau, O.; D√∂rl, U.; Plaszczynski, S.; Perotto, L.; Pointecouteau, E.; Perrotta, Francesca; Polenta, Gianluca; Prézeau, G.; Ponthieu, N.; EnÃŸlin, T. A.; Poutanen, T.; Prunet, S.; Puget, J.-L.; En√ülin, T. A.; Reach, Wt T.; Rebolo, R.; Reinecke, M.; Renault, C.; G√≥rski, K. M.; Ricciardi, Sara; Riller, T.; Ristorcelli, I.; Rocha, G.; GÃ³rski, K. M.; Rosset, C.; Rubino Martin, J. A.; Keih√§nen, E.; Rusholme, B.; Norgaard-Nielsen, Hu U.; Sandri, M.; Santos, D.; Keihänen, E.; Savini, Giorgio; Scott, D.; Seiffert, M. D.; De Zotti, Gianfranco; Shellard, P.; Smoot, Gf F.; Starck, J.-L.; KeihÃ¤nen, E.; Stivoli, Federico; Stolyarov, V.; Sudiwala, R.; Sygnet, J.-F.; Mactavish, C. J.; Tauber, Ja A.; Terenzi, L.; Mac√≠as-P√©rez, J. F.; Toffolatti, L.; Tomasi, M.; Linden-Vørnle, M.; Torre, J.-P.; Tristram, M.; Mart√≠nez-Gonz√°lez, E.; Tuovinen, Jussi; Umana, G.; MacÃas-Pã©rez, J. F.; Valenziano, L.; Macías-Pérez, Jf F.; Verstraete, L.; Vielva, P.; Villa, F.; MartÃnez-Gonzã¡lez, E.; Vittorio, N.; Martínez-González, E.; Wade, La A.; Wandelt, Bd D.; Yvon, D.; Zacchei, A.; Zonca, A.

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Planck early results. XXV. Thermal dust in nearby molecular clouds

Journal article published in 2011 by Planck-Collaboration, Ja A. Rubiño-Martín, G. PrÃ©zeau, G. Pr√©zeau, J. A. RubiÃ±o-Martãn, J. A. Rubi√±o-Mart√≠n, Jg G. Bartlett, E. Battaner, K. Benabed, A. Benoit, J.-P. Bernard, M. Bersanelli, R. Bhatia, Jj J. Bock, A. Bonaldi and other authors.

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Abstract

Planck allows unbiased mapping of Galactic sub-millimetre and millimetre emission from the most diffuse regions to the densest parts of molecular clouds. We present an early analysis of the Taurus molecular complex, on line-of-sight-averaged data and without component separation. The emission spectrum measured by Planck and IRAS can be fitted pixel by pixel using a single modified blackbody. Some systematic residuals are detected at 353 GHz and 143 GHz, with amplitudes around -7% and +13%, respectively, indicating that the measured spectra are likely more complex than a simple modified blackbody. Significant positive residuals are also detected in the molecular regions and in the 217 GHz and 100 GHz bands, mainly caused by the contribution of the J = 2 ‚Üí 1 and J = 1 ‚Üí 0 12 CO and 13 CO emission lines. We derive maps of the dust temperature T, the dust spectral emissivity index Œ≤, and the dust optical depth at 250 Œºm œÑ 250 . The temperature map illustrates the cooling of the dust particles in thermal equilibrium with the incident radiation field, from 16 - 17 K in the diffuse regions to 13 - 14 K in the dense parts. The distribution of spectral indices is centred at 1.78, with a standard deviation of 0.08 and a systematic error of 0.07. We detect a significant T - Œ≤ anti-correlation. The dust optical depth map reveals the spatial distribution of the column density of the molecular complex from the densest molecular regions to the faint diffuse regions. We use near-infrared extinction and Hi data at 21-cm to perform a quantitative analysis of the spatial variations of the measured dust optical depth at 250 Œºm per hydrogen atom œÑ 250 /N H . We report an increase of œÑ 250 /N H by a factor of about 2 between the atomic phase and the molecular phase, which has a strong impact on the equilibrium temperature of the dust particles. Corresponding author: A. Abergel, e-mail: alain.abergel@ias.u-psud.fr ; DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201116483; eprintid: arXiv:1101.2037

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Planck early results. XXV. Thermal dust in nearby molecular clouds

Abstract