Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in neurodegeneration and in central nervous system (CNS)-mediated host defence responses to inflammation. All actions of IL-1 identified to date appear to be mediated through its only known functional type I receptor (IL-1RI). However, our recent evidence suggests that some actions of IL-1 in the brain may be IL-1RI independent, suggesting the involvement of a new, hitherto unknown functional receptor for IL-1.The objective of the present study was to determine if primary mixed glial cells express additional functional IL-1 receptors by studying the signalling mechanisms responsible for the pro-inflammatory actions of IL-1β in cultures derived from IL-1RI−/− and wildtype mice, and to characterize the functional importance of IL-1 signalling pathways in glia.IL-1β induced marked release of IL-6 and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) in the culture medium, and activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) in cells from wildtype mice. These responses were dependent on IL-1RI, since cells isolated from IL-1R1−/− mice did not demonstrate any of these responses.In wildtype mice, inhibition of p38 or ERK1/2 MAPKs significantly reduced IL-1β induced IL-6 release, whilst the NFκB inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) modulated IL-1 induced IL-6 release by action on NFκB and MAPKs pathways.These data demonstrate that IL-1RI is essential for IL-1β signalling in cultured mixed glial cells. Thus IL-1 actions observed in IL-1RI−/− mice in vivo may occur via an alternative pathway and/or via different CNS cells.