Abstract Purpose: We hypothesized that the type 1 IFNs would play a pivotal role in antiglioma immunosurveillance through promotion of type 1 adaptive immunity and suppression of immunoregulatory cells. Experimental Design: We induced de novo gliomas in Ifnar1−/− (deficient for type 1 IFN receptors) or wild-type mice by intracerebroventricuar transfection of NRas and a short hairpin RNA against P53 using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. We analyzed the survival of 587 glioma patients for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in type 1 IFN–related genes. Results: Ifnar1−/− mice exhibited accelerated tumor growth and death. Analyses of brain tumor–infiltrating lymphocytes in Ifnar1−/− mice revealed an increase of cells positive for CD11b+Ly6G+ and CD4+FoxP3+, which represent myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, respectively, but a decrease of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) compared with wild-type mice. Ifnar1−/− mouse–derived glioma tissues exhibited a decrease in mRNA for the CTL-attracting chemokine Cxcl10, but an increase of Ccl2 and Ccl22, both of which are known to attract immunoregulatory cell populations. Dendritic cells generated from the bone marrow of Ifnar1−/− mice failed to function as effective antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, depletion of Ly6G+ cells prolonged the survival of mice with developing gliomas. Human epidemiologic studies revealed that SNPs in IFNAR1 and IFNA8 are associated with significantly altered overall survival of patients with WHO grade 2 to 3 gliomas. Conclusions: The novel Sleeping Beauty–induced murine glioma model led us to discover a pivotal role for the type 1 IFN pathway in antiglioma immunosurveillance and relevant human SNPs that may represent novel prognostic markers. Clin Cancer Res; 16(13); 3409–19. ©2010 AACR.