The expression of Escherichia coil group 2 capsules (K antigens) is temperature dependent, with capsules only being expressed at temperatures above 20 degrees C. Thermoregulation is at the level of transcription, with no detectable transcription at 20 degrees C. Using the E. coli K5 capsule gene cluster as a model system, we have shown that the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS plays a dual role in regulating transcription of group 2 capsule gene clusters at 37 and 20 degrees C. At 37 degrees C H-NS is required for maximal transcription of group 2 capsule gene clusters, whereas at 20 degrees C H-NS functions to repress transcription. The BipA protein, previously identified as a tyrosine-phosphorylated GTPase and essential for virulence in enteropathogenic E. coli, was shown to play a similar role to H-NS in regulating transcription at 37 and 20 degrees C. The binding of integration host factor (IHF) to the region 1 promoter was necessary to potentiate transcription at 37 degrees C and IHF binding demonstrated by bandshift assays. The IHF binding site was 3' to the site of transcription initiation, suggesting that sequences in the 5' end of the first gene (kpsF) in region 1 may play a role in regulating transcription from this promoter at 37 degrees C. Two additional cis-acting sequences, conserved in both the region 1 and 3 promoters, were identified, suggesting a role for these sequences in the coordinate regulation of transcription from these promoters. These results indicate that a complex regulatory network involving a number of global regulators exists for the control of expression of group 2 capsules in E. coli. ; Times Cited: 39 0 40