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The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Journal article published in 2013 by Artur Luiz da Costa da Silva, Osvaldo Marinotti ORCID, Gustavo C. Cerqueira, L. G. P. De Almeida, Luiz Gonzaga Paula de Almeida ORCID, Elgion Lucio da Silva Loreto, Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro, E. L. Da Silva Loreto, Elgion Lucio da Silva Loreto, Arnaldo Zaha ORCID, Bruna de Araujo Lima, Santuza M. R. Teixeira, S. M. R. Teixeira, Luiz Gonzaga Paula de Almeida, Adam R. Wespiser and other authors.
This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s).