The first time-resolved optical mammograph operating also beyond 900 nm (683, 785, 913, and 975 nm) is presently used in a clinical trial to test the diagnostic potential of the technique in detecting and characterizing breast lesions. Between November 2001 and October 2002, 101 patients with malignant and benign lesions were analyzed retrospectively. Scattering plots, as derived from a homogeneous model, and late gated intensity images, to monitor spatial changes in the absorption properties, are routinely used. The intensity images available at 4 wavelengths provide sensitivity to the main tissue constituents (oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, water, and lipids), in agreement with expected tissue composition and physiology, while the scattering plots mirror structural changes. Briefly, tumors are usually identified due to the strong blood absorption at short wavelengths, cysts to the low scattering, and fibroadenomas to low absorption at 913 nm and high at 975 nm, even though the optical features of fibroadenomas seem not to be uniquely defined. The effectiveness of the technique in localizing and discriminating different lesion types was analyzed as a function of various parameters (lesion size, compressed breast thickness, breast parenchymal pattern).