Benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE) is a self-limited seizure disorder that occurs in infancy and has autosomal-dominant inheritance. We have identified heterozygous mutations in PRRT2, which encodes proline-rich transmembrane protein 2, in 14 of 17 families (82%) affected by BFIE, indicating that PRRT2 mutations are the most frequent cause of this disorder. We also report PRRT2 mutations in five of six (83%) families affected by infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA) syndrome, a familial syndrome in which infantile seizures and an adolescent-onset movement disorder, paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), co-occur. These findings show that mutations in PRRT2 cause both epilepsy and a movement disorder. Furthermore, PRRT2 mutations elicit pleiotropy in terms of both age of expression (infancy versus later childhood) and anatomical substrate (cortex versus basal ganglia). ; Sarah E. Heron. James N. Hughes, Clair Pridmore. Eric Haan. Jozef Gécz, Paul Q. Thomas, John C. Mulley. Leanne M. Dibbens. et al.