The study evaluates the regeneration success of an autochthonous plant species, Periploca angustifolia Labill. (periploque), using spontaneous (pre-existing) and transplanted (re-introduced from a nursery) plants in the Natural Reserve of Oued Dekouk, southern Tunisia. We compared the growth status of both types of shrubs using morphological and ecophysiological parameters. The results show that spontaneous periploque was more vigorous and appears more adapted to aridity than transplanted periploque. Indeed, spontaneous shrubs have higher growth rates than transplanted ones. They also had higher leaf water potentials, indicating excellent plant water status recovery, and elevated photosynthetic assimilation rate. The better growth of spontaneous shrubs seems to be due to the efficacy of its aridity adaptive mechanisms. They limit water loss through a low leaf area and stomatal density and an efficient stomatal function. Furthermore, spontaneous plants have an efficient water-conducting system less vulnerable to embolism. Transplanted plants may have a less developed root system limiting their ability to absorb soil moisture. The present study indicates that the re-establishment of endangered plant species into areas with limited rainfall maybe more feasible by direct seeding or self regeneration, despite its slowness, than by the hardy and costly transplantation-technique.