Surface donor states with distributed and finite density are implemented in Schrödinger–Poisson simulations of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors, with the goal of studying their effects on the two-dimensional electron gas. Our recent experimental observations of an increasing surface barrier height with increasing AlGaN thickness are fitted very well by simulations including surface donor levels represented by a constant density of states (DOS) with a density on the order of 10¹³ cm⁻² eV⁻¹. The highest occupied surface states are found to be around 1 eV below the conduction-band minimum, considerably higher in energy than previously reported single surface donor levels. These trends can be explained by the features of oxidized AlGaN surfaces. Furthermore, the surface DOS that fit the experimental results are found to be larger for samples with higher Al concentration.