Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope

{Schellart}, P.; {Nelles}, A.; {Buitink}, S.; {Corstanje}, A.; {Enriquez}, J. E.; {Falcke}, H.; {Frieswijk}, W.; {Hörandel}, J. R.; {Horneffer}, A.; {James}, C. W.; {Krause}, M.; {Mevius}, M.; {Scholten}, O.; {ter Veen}, S.; {Thoudam}, S.; {van den Akker}, M.; {Alexov}, A.; {Anderson}, J.; {Avruch}, I. M.; {Bähren}, L.; {Beck}, R.; {Bell}, M. E.; {Bennema}, P.; {Bentum}, M. J.; {Bernardi}, G.; {Best}, P.; {Bregman}, J.; {Breitling}, F.; {Brentjens}, M.; {Broderick}, J.; {Brüggen}, M.; {Ciardi}, B.; {Coolen}, A.; {de Gasperin}, F.; {de Geus}, E.; {de Jong}, A.; {de Vos}, M.; {Duscha}, S.; {Eislöffel}, J.; {Fallows}, R. A.; {Ferrari}, C.; {Garrett}, M. A.; {Grie{ß}meier}, J.; {Grit}, T.; {Hamaker}, J. P.; {Hassall}, T. E.; {Heald}, G.; {Hessels}, J. W. T.; {Hoeft}, M.; {Holties}, H. A.; {Iacobelli}, M.; {Juette}, E.; {Karastergiou}, A.; {Klijn}, W.; {Kohler}, J.; {Kondratiev}, V. I.; {Kramer}, M.; {Kuniyoshi}, M.; {Kuper}, G.; {Maat}, P.; {Macario}, G.; {Mann}, G.; {Markoff}, S.; {McKay-Bukowski}, D.; {McKean}, J. P.; {Miller-Jones}, J. C. A.; {Mol}, J. D.; {Mulcahy}, D. D.; {Munk}, H.; {Nijboer}, R.; {Norden}, M. J.; {Orru}, E.; {Overeem}, R.; {Paas}, H.; {Pandey-Pommier}, M.; {Pizzo}, R.; {Polatidis}, A. G.; {Renting}, A.; {Romein}, J. W.; {Röttgering}, H.; {Schoenmakers}, A.; {Schwarz}, D.; {Sluman}, J.; {Smirnov}, O.; {Sobey}, C.; {Stappers}, B. W.; {Steinmetz}, M.; {Swinbank}, J.; {Tang}, Y.; {Tasse}, C.; {Toribio}, C.; {van Leeuwen}, J.; {van Nieuwpoort}, R.; {van Weeren}, R. J.; {Vermaas}, N.; {Vermeulen}, R.; {Vocks}, C.; {Vogt}, C.; {Wijers}, R. A. M. J.; {Wijnholds}, S. J.; {Wise}, M. W.; {Wucknitz}, O.; {Yatawatta}, S.; {Zarka}, P.; {Zensus}, A.; Schellart, P.; Nelles, A.; Buitink, S.; Corstanje, A.; Enriquez, J.~E E.; Falcke, H.; Frieswijk, W.; Hörandel, J.~R R.; Horneffer, A.; James, C.~W W.; Krause, M.; Mevius, M.; Scholten, O.; ter Veen, S.; Thoudam, S.; van den Akker, M.; Alexov, A.; Anderson, J.; Avruch, I.~M M.; Bähren, L.; Beck, R.; Bell, M.~E E.; Bennema, P.; Bentum, M.~J J.; Bernardi, G.; Best, P.; Bregman, J.; Breitling, F.; Brentjens, M.; Broderick, J.; Bruggen, M.; Ciardi, B.; Coolen, A.; de Gasperin, F.; de Geus, E.; de Jong, A.; de Vos, M.; Duscha, S.; Eisloffel, J.; Fallows, R.~A A.; Ferrari, C.; Garrett, M.~A A.; Grießmeier, J.; Grit, T.; Hamaker, J.~P P.; Hassall, T.~E E.; Heald, G.; Hessels, J.~W.~T W. T.; Hoeft, M.; Holties, H.~A A.; Iacobelli, M.; Juette, E.; Karastergiou, A.; Klijn, W.; Kohler, J.; Kondratiev, V.~I I.; Kramer, M.; Kuniyoshi, M.; Kuper, G.; Maat, P.; Macario, G.; Mann, G.; Markoff, S.; McKay-Bukowski, D.; McKean, J.~P P.; Miller-Jones, James C. A.; Mol, J.~D D.; Mulcahy, D.~D D.; Munk, H.; Nijboer, R.; Norden, M.~J J.; Orru, E.; Overeem, R.; Paas, H.; Pandey-Pommier, M.; Pizzo, R.; Polatidis, A.~G G.; Renting, A.; Romein, J.~W W.; Rottgering, H.; Schoenmakers, A.; Schwarz, D.; Sluman, J.; Smirnov, O.; Sobey, C.; Stappers, B.~W W.; Steinmetz, M.; Swinbank, J.; Tang, Y.; Tasse, C.; Toribio, C.; van Leeuwen, J.; van Nieuwpoort, R.; van Weeren, R.~J J.; Horandel, J. R.; Vermaas, N.; Bahren, L.; Vermeulen, R.; Zensus, J.; Vocks, C.; Renting, G.; Vogt, C.; Toribio, M.; Wijers, R.~A.~M.~J A. M. J.; Akker, M. van den; Wijnholds, S.~J J.; Brueggen, M.; Wise, M.~W W.; Wucknitz, O.; Yatawatta, S.; Zarka, P.; Eisloeffel, J.; Veen, S. ter; Zensus, A.; Authors, And Others-See Citation For Complete Listing Of

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Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope

Journal article published in 2013 by P. {Schellart}, A. {Nelles}, S. {Buitink}, A. {Corstanje}, J. E. {Enriquez}, H. {Falcke}, W. {Frieswijk}, J. R. {Hörandel}, A. {Horneffer}, C. W. {James}, M. {Krause}, M. {Mevius}, O. {Scholten}, S. {ter Veen}, S. {Thoudam} and other authors.

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Abstract

The low frequency array (LOFAR), is the first radio telescope designed with the capability to measure radio emission from cosmic-ray induced air showers in parallel with interferometric observations. In the first $∼ 2\,\mathrm{years}$ of observing, 405 cosmic-ray events in the energy range of $10^{16} - 10^{18}\,\mathrm{eV}$ have been detected in the band from $30 - 80\,\mathrm{MHz}$. Each of these air showers is registered with up to $∼1000$ independent antennas resulting in measurements of the radio emission with unprecedented detail. This article describes the dataset, as well as the analysis pipeline, and serves as a reference for future papers based on these data. All steps necessary to achieve a full reconstruction of the electric field at every antenna position are explained, including removal of radio frequency interference, correcting for the antenna response and identification of the pulsed signal.

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Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope

Abstract