Persistent pains associated with injuries or disease involving the central nervous system (CNS), are common. In order to optimally manage persistent pain, the primary underlying mechanisms need to be determined and the treatment targeted to these. A comprehensive pain evaluation including symptoms, sensory function/dysfunction, and psychosocial factors is critical to the translation of research into the clinical pain management, to increasing the understanding of the contributory mechanisms and factors, and to the development of effective pain management. This chapter focuses on the assessment of pain and sensory status, associated psychosocial factors, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management after CNS injury and disease. Principles and utility of the various types of pain-related assessments and examinations including pain report, pain classification, quantitative sensory testing, and psychological factors are discussed. Finally, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for these persistent pain conditions are reviewed and discussed in the context of putative mechanisms.