It is now recognized by most of the scientific community that Lake Victoria is enriched with nutrients. There are, however, conflicting reports on the magnitude of nutrients received from different sources and the dynamics of nutrients in the Lake. Studies were carried out to determine the lake nutrient balance and suggest strategies for sustainable utilization of the resources. Lake nutrient balance is essential for understanding primary productivity and ecosystem function and for planning nutrient management strategies. The current findings identify major point and non point sources of nutrients and estimate the rates of sedimentation into Lake Victoria. The determination of pollution loads from point sources was limited to the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total-Nitrogen (TN), and Total-Phosphorus (TP). For the non-point pollution sources emphasis was given to TN, TP and TSS, the loads from rivers and atmospheric deposition have been calculated, both due to their relevance as quality indicators and their contribution to eutrophication of the Lake. For the purpose of determining the nutrient balance of the lake, the sedimentation rates in the lake have also been calculated both fluxes per unit area and total lake bottom accumulation. Municipal effluent load was higher than industrial one, but they both represent a threat to the community downstream the discharge point and the littoral zone of the lake. Atmospheric deposition was the overall dominant source contributing about 39,978 and 167,650 tons of TP and TN respectively to the lake annually. The riverine loads are estimated at 9,270 of TP and 38,828 tons/y of TN respectively, and represented in both cases 80% of the total non-point load. Point sources are estimated to contribute about 4.3 of TN and 1.9 tons/year of TP. The cores dated and analyzed show dry weight accumulation rates of 100 g.m-2y-1 to 300 g.m-2y-1. Linear regression indicates sedimentation rates of 0.5 to 1 mm per year. Furthermore, highest rates of permanent sediment accumulation occur in the deepest areas of the lake. However, the study indicates that rate of nutrients regeneration is 90% for C and N and 60% for P. It is therefore recommended that pollution loading into the Lake be controlled by reducing point sourcing and providing tertiary treatments for removal of P, use of phosphorus free detergents, cleaner production technologies, and addressing non-point sources by improved land management. An initial goal of reducing the anthropogenic phosphorus loading to the lake by 30% would reverse the current upward trend and achieve water quality conditions that occurred in the 1980’s when fish production was at its maximum. Trans-boundary efforts may be required to control atmospheric deposition into water bodies. ; Published