Royal Society of Chemistry, RSC Advances, 79(4), p. 41968-41975
DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04953e
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The F-doped and carbon coated Li4Ti5O12-xFx/C (LTOF/C) composite anode materials are synthesized via a conventional solid-state reaction with Lithium citric acid as the conductive carbon source, and LiF as the fluorine source. The structure and electrochemical properties of the LTOF/C materials are investigated and the effects of carbon coating and ion doping on the performance of as-prepared materials are discussed. Under a potential range from 0.01 to 2.5 V, LTOF/C exhibits better reversibility and higher cyclic stability compared with LTO and LTO/C, especially at high current rates. The initial specific discharge capacity is 325.6 mAh g-1 at a current density of 170 mA g-1, and remains about 165 mAh g-1 over 1000 cycles when the current density increases to 850 mA g-1. The main factors influencing the excellent performances should be attributed to the cooperation of the F-doping and carbon-coating, which can increase the mixed amount of Ti3+/Ti4+ valence, leading to improve the ionic conductivity and the electron conductivity in LTO at the same time.