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Monitoring Vertical Land Motion in Malaysia Using Global Positioning System (Gps)

This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

The Global Positioning System (GPS) developed by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) for military and civilian navigation and positioning, is publicly utilized as a geodetic method of choice for investigating a wide range of geophysical phenomena. The capability of GPS in determining positions at higher accuracy has now emerged as one of the most beneficial tools for scientific research. This study intends to quantify the vertical land motion trend in Malaysia using GPS technique starting from 1999 to 2011. This study used GPS data taken from the Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) encompassing all available Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) data over Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. A set of GPS data downloaded from the International GNSS Services (IGS) website is also used for reference. Data of 117 GPS stations were processed of which 87 stations of the Malaysia CORS networks and 30 stations of the IGS tracking network. Vertical biases of GPS measurement were reduced by applying double difference correction in processing model of Bernese v 5.0 and later transformation parameter is determined based on the minimal constraint relative to the IGS data. This processing involved epoch of 1 January 2008 and ITRF2008 reference frame. To assure the highest accuracy, the root mean square (RMS) of the single difference, the percentage of the resolved ambiguity and the RMS of daily repeatability are taken into account. The GPS derived vertical land motion trend is quantified based on the robust fit regression model. The results show that Malaysia experienced vertical land motion effects for both land uplift and subsidence of which the uplift rate ranges from 0.21 +/-0.14 mm/yr at MUKH station to 1.44 +/-0.13 mm/yr at PDIC station and the subsidence rate ranges from-0.04 +/-0.04mm/yr at KUAL station to-34.41 +/-0.16 mm/yr at AMAN station respectively. In general, land subsidence effects are more dominant. The vertical land motion was suspected to undergo local deformation as it has irregular vertical displacement patterns. However, the vertical land motion magnitude is likely to have a higher rate in the northern than in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. There are significant subsidence signals existed at locations such as AMAN, MUKA, KAPI, BELA, LAWS and MRDU in Sabah and Sarawak. This study concluded that the method is reliable to provide acceptable insight of the vertical land motion trend in Malaysia that may significantly benefit to other scientific works.