GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment

Ca, Rietveld; de Neve, J. E.; van Rooij, Frank J. A.; Rietveld, Cornelius A.; van Wagoner, D. R.; de Jager, P. L.; Derringer, Jaime; Medland, Sarah E.; van Rooij, Frank A. J.; Se, Medland; Yang, Jian; Martin, Nicolas W.; Nw, Martin; Esko, Tõnu; Hj, Westra; Agrawal, Arpana; Bz, Alizadeh; Albrecht, Eva; Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.; Shakhbazov, Konstantin; Bamard, J.; Amin, Najaf; Barnard, John; Abdellaoui, Abdel; Se, Baumeister; Baumeister, Sebastian E.; Ks, Benke; Westra, Harm-Jan; de Leeuw, Christiaan; Benke, Kelly S.; Lf, Bielak; Bielak, Lawrence F.; Boatman, Jeffrey A.; Rooij, Frank JAan; Boyle, Patricia A.; Davies, Gail; Pa, Boyle; Evans, Daniel S.; Eklund, Niina; Ds, Evans; Ferhmann, Rudolf; De Leeuw, C.; Fischer, Krista; Evans, D. S.; Gieger, Christian; Gjessing, Håkon K.; Hk, Gjessing; Harris, Jennifer R.; Hägg, Sara; Evans, Ds S.; Hayward, Caroline; Holzapfel, Christina; Jr, Harris; Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A.; Ingelsson, Erik; Hagg, S.; Jacobsson, Bo; Harris, J. M.; Joshi, Peter K.; Jugessur, Astanand; Kaakinen, Marika A.; Pk, Joshi; Kanoni, Stavroula; Karjalainen, Juha; Ja, Boatman; Kolcic, Ivana; Kristiansson, Kati; Kutalik, Zoltán; Lahti, Jari; Lee, Sang H.; Sh, Lee; Lin, Peng; Lind, Penelope A.; Pa, Lind; Liu, Yongmei; Lohman, Kurt; Loitfelder, Marisa; McMahon, George; Marques Vidal, P.; Vidal, Pedro Marques; Meirelles, Osorio; Milani, Lili; van der Loos, Matthijs J. H. Mjhm; Ml, Nuotio; Myhre, Ronny; Cj, Oldmeadow; Nuotio, Marja-Liisa; Ke, Petrovic; Oldmeadow, Christopher J.; Fehrmann, Rudolf; Petrovic, Katja E.; Peyrot, Wouter J.; Wj, Peyrot; Polasek, Ozren; Quaye, Lydia; Reinmaa, Eva; Rice, John P.; Jp, Rice; Rizzi, Thais S.; Ts, Rizzi; Schmidt, Helena; Schmidt, Reinhold; Smith, Jennifer A.; Smith, Albert V.; Ja, Smith; Tanaka, Toshiko; Smith, J. A.; de Andrade, Mariza; Yu, Lei; Terracciano, Antonio; Zhao, Wei; Völzke, Henry; Harris, Jm R.; Vitart, Veronique; Van Der Loos, M. J. H. M.; Av, Smith; Wellmann, Jürgen; Jr, Attia; Allik, Jüri; Volzke, H.; Harris, T. B.; Attia, John R.; Bandinelli, Stefania; Bastardot, François; Da, Bennett; Beauchamp, Jonathan P.; Di, Boomsma; Bennett, David A.; Berger, Klaus; Bierut, Laura J.; Guthnason, V.; Cf, Chabris; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Bültmann, Ute; Campbell, Harry; Mk, Chung; Chabris, Christopher F.; Cherkas, Lynn; Pl, De Jager; Chung, Mina K.; Cucca, Francesco; Je, De Neve; Ij, Deary; Gv, Dedoussis; De Andrade, M.; De Jager, Philip L.; De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel; Evans, Dm M.; Deary, Ian J.; Deloukas, Panos; Mf, Elderson; Dedoussis, George V.; Dimitriou, Maria; Jg, Eriksson; Eiriksdottir, Gudny; Evans, David M.; Dm, Evans; Elderson, Martin F.; Jd, Faul; Eriksson, Johan G.; Faul, Jessica D.; Evans, D. M.; Ferrucci, Luigi; Me, Garcia; Garcia, Melissa E.; Grönberg, Henrik; Hall, Per; Jm, Harris; Tb, Harris; Harris, Juliette M.; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Harris, Tamara B.; Guonason,; Nd, Hastie; Hastie, Nicholas D.; Dg, Hernandez; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Heath, Andrew C.; Hernandez, Dena G.; Hofman, WHA (Adriaan); Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Hofman, Adriaan; Eg, Holliday; Holle, Rolf; Holliday, Elizabeth G.; Kahonen, Mika; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Wg, Iacono; Iacono, William G.; Mr, Järvelin; Illig, Thomas; Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Kähönen, Mika; Rm, Kirkpatrick; Kaprio, Jaakko; Kirkpatrick, Robert M.; Roy Thurik, A.; Kowgier, Matthew; Latvala, Antti; Ac, Heath; Launer, Lenore J.; Lawlor, Debbie A.; Lehtimäki, Terho; Da, Lawlor; Li, Jingmei; Lichtenstein, Paul; Lichtner, Peter; Dc, Liewald; Liewald, David C.; Pa, Madden; Madden, Pamela A.; Magnusson, Patrik K. E.; Pke, Magnusson; Te, Mäkinen; Mäkinen, Tomi E.; Makinen, Te E.; Masala, Marco; McGue, Matt; Metspalu, Andres; Mielck, Andreas; Mb, Miller; Miller, Michael B.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Gw, Montgomery; Mukherjee, Sutapa; Dr, Nyholt; Lj, Palmer; Oostra, Ben A.; Palmer, Lyle J.; Palotie, Aarno; Nyholt, Dale R.; Bwjh, Penninx; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; Pa, Peyser; Perola, Markus; Peyser, Patricia A.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Räikkönen, Katri; Preisig, Martin; Study, LifeLines Cohort; Ot, Raitakari; Raitakari, Olli T.; Realo, Anu; Sm, Ring; Ring, Susan M.; Raikkonen, K.; Ripatti, Samuli; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Rudan, Igor; Rustichini, Aldo; Salomaa, Veikko; Ap, Sarin; Sarin, Antti-Pekka; Schlessinger, David; Rj, Scott; Scott, Rodney J.; Snieder, Harold; St Pourcain, Beate; Jm, Starr; Starr, John M.; Jh, Sul; Sul, Jae Hoon; Surakka, Ida; Svento, Rauli; The, Lifelines Cohort Study; Teumer, Alexander; Tiemeier, Henning; Van Rooij, F. J. A.; Dr, Van Wagoner; Van Wagoner, David R.; Ba, Oostra; Vartiainen, Erkki; Jm, Vonk; Viikari, Jorma; Vollenweider, Peter; Dr, Weir; Vonk, Judith M.; Waeber, Gerard; Weir, David R.; Wichmann, He-Erich; Jf, Wilson; Widen, Elisabeth; Af, Wright; Willemsen, Gonneke; Wilson, James F.; Wright, Alan F.; Leeuw, C. A. de; Conley, Dalton C.; Davey-Smith, George; Hofman, Bert; Franke, Lude L.; Groenen, Patrick J. F.; Slr, Kardia; Hofman, Albert; Smith, George Davey; Johannesson, Magnus; Rf, Krueger; Kardia, Sharon L. R.; Krueger, Robert F.; Ng, Martin; Laibson, David I.; Mn, Meyer; Martin, Nicholas G.; Meyer, Michelle N.; Pourcain, Beate St; Posthuma, Danielle; Nj, Timpson; Thurik, Ar Roy; Ag, Uitterlinden; Timpson, Nicholas J.; Van Duijn, C. M.; Uitterlinden, Andre G.; Pm, Visscher; Dj, Benjamin; Visscher, Peter M.; Benjamin, Daniel J.; Koelllinger, P. D.; Cesarini, David; Koellinger, Philipp D.; Other, And; Pd, Koellinger

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Frank van Rooij
Ca et al., 2013

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@article{Ca2013,
  abstract = {A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.},
  author = {Ca, Rietveld and de Neve, J. E. and van Rooij, Frank J. A. and Rietveld, Cornelius A. and van Wagoner, D. R. and de Jager, P. L. and Derringer, Jaime and Medland, Sarah E. and van Rooij, Frank A. J. and Se, Medland and Yang, Jian and Martin, Nicolas W. and Nw, Martin and Esko, Tõnu and Hj, Westra and Agrawal, Arpana and Bz, Alizadeh and Albrecht, Eva and Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. and Shakhbazov, Konstantin and Bamard, J. and Amin, Najaf and Barnard, John and Abdellaoui, Abdel and Se, Baumeister and Baumeister, Sebastian E. and Ks, Benke and Westra, Harm-Jan and de Leeuw, Christiaan and Benke, Kelly S. and Lf, Bielak and Bielak, Lawrence F. and Boatman, Jeffrey A. and Rooij, Frank JAan and Boyle, Patricia A. and Davies, Gail and Pa, Boyle and Evans, Daniel S. and Eklund, Niina and Ds, Evans and Ferhmann, Rudolf and De Leeuw, C. and Fischer, Krista and Evans, D. S. and Gieger, Christian and Gjessing, Håkon K. and Hk, Gjessing and Harris, Jennifer R. and Hägg, Sara and Evans, Ds S. and Hayward, Caroline and Holzapfel, Christina and Jr, Harris and Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A. and Ingelsson, Erik and Hagg, S. and Jacobsson, Bo and Harris, J. M. and Joshi, Peter K. and Jugessur, Astanand and Kaakinen, Marika A. and Pk, Joshi and Kanoni, Stavroula and Karjalainen, Juha and Ja, Boatman and Kolcic, Ivana and Kristiansson, Kati and Kutalik, Zoltán and Lahti, Jari and Lee, Sang H. and Sh, Lee and Lin, Peng and Lind, Penelope A. and Pa, Lind and Liu, Yongmei and Lohman, Kurt and Loitfelder, Marisa and McMahon, George and Marques Vidal, P. and Vidal, Pedro Marques and Meirelles, Osorio and Milani, Lili and van der Loos, Matthijs J. H. Mjhm and Ml, Nuotio and Myhre, Ronny and Cj, Oldmeadow and Nuotio, Marja-Liisa and Ke, Petrovic and Oldmeadow, Christopher J. and Fehrmann, Rudolf and Petrovic, Katja E. and Peyrot, Wouter J. and Wj, Peyrot and Polasek, Ozren and Quaye, Lydia and Reinmaa, Eva and Rice, John P. and Jp, Rice and Rizzi, Thais S. and Ts, Rizzi and Schmidt, Helena and Schmidt, Reinhold and Smith, Jennifer A. and Smith, Albert V. and Ja, Smith and Tanaka, Toshiko and Smith, J. A. and de Andrade, Mariza and Yu, Lei and Terracciano, Antonio and Zhao, Wei and Völzke, Henry and Harris, Jm R. and Vitart, Veronique and Van Der Loos, M. J. H. M. and Av, Smith and Wellmann, Jürgen and Jr, Attia and Allik, Jüri and Volzke, H. and Harris, T. B. and Attia, John R. and Bandinelli, Stefania and Bastardot, François and Da, Bennett and Beauchamp, Jonathan P. and Di, Boomsma and Bennett, David A. and Berger, Klaus and Bierut, Laura J. and Guthnason, V. and Cf, Chabris and Boomsma, Dorret I. and Bültmann, Ute and Campbell, Harry and Mk, Chung and Chabris, Christopher F. and Cherkas, Lynn and Pl, De Jager and Chung, Mina K. and Cucca, Francesco and Je, De Neve and Ij, Deary and Gv, Dedoussis and De Andrade, M. and De Jager, Philip L. and De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel and Evans, Dm M. and Deary, Ian J. and Deloukas, Panos and Mf, Elderson and Dedoussis, George V. and Dimitriou, Maria and Jg, Eriksson and Eiriksdottir, Gudny and Evans, David M. and Dm, Evans and Elderson, Martin F. and Jd, Faul and Eriksson, Johan G. and Faul, Jessica D. and Evans, D. M. and Ferrucci, Luigi and Me, Garcia and Garcia, Melissa E. and Grönberg, Henrik and Hall, Per and Jm, Harris and Tb, Harris and Harris, Juliette M. and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Harris, Tamara B. and Guonason,  and Nd, Hastie and Hastie, Nicholas D. and Dg, Hernandez and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Heath, Andrew C. and Hernandez, Dena G. and Hofman, WHA (Adriaan) and Hoffmann, Wolfgang and Hofman, Adriaan and Eg, Holliday and Holle, Rolf and Holliday, Elizabeth G. and Kahonen, Mika and Hottenga, Jouke-Jan and Wg, Iacono and Iacono, William G. and Mr, Järvelin and Illig, Thomas and Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Kähönen, Mika and Rm, Kirkpatrick and Kaprio, Jaakko and Kirkpatrick, Robert M. and Roy Thurik, A. and Kowgier, Matthew and Latvala, Antti and Ac, Heath and Launer, Lenore J. and Lawlor, Debbie A. and Lehtimäki, Terho and Da, Lawlor and Li, Jingmei and Lichtenstein, Paul and Lichtner, Peter and Dc, Liewald and Liewald, David C. and Pa, Madden and Madden, Pamela A. and Magnusson, Patrik K. E. and Pke, Magnusson and Te, Mäkinen and Mäkinen, Tomi E. and Makinen, Te E. and Masala, Marco and McGue, Matt and Metspalu, Andres and Mielck, Andreas and Mb, Miller and Miller, Michael B. and Montgomery, Grant W. and Gw, Montgomery and Mukherjee, Sutapa and Dr, Nyholt and Lj, Palmer and Oostra, Ben A. and Palmer, Lyle J. and Palotie, Aarno and Nyholt, Dale R. and Bwjh, Penninx and Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. and Pa, Peyser and Perola, Markus and Peyser, Patricia A. and van Duijn, Cornelia M. and Räikkönen, Katri and Preisig, Martin and Study, LifeLines Cohort and Ot, Raitakari and Raitakari, Olli T. and Realo, Anu and Sm, Ring and Ring, Susan M. and Raikkonen, K. and Ripatti, Samuli and Rivadeneira, Fernando and Rudan, Igor and Rustichini, Aldo and Salomaa, Veikko and Ap, Sarin and Sarin, Antti-Pekka and Schlessinger, David and Rj, Scott and Scott, Rodney J. and Snieder, Harold and St Pourcain, Beate and Jm, Starr and Starr, John M. and Jh, Sul and Sul, Jae Hoon and Surakka, Ida and Svento, Rauli and The, Lifelines Cohort Study and Teumer, Alexander and Tiemeier, Henning and Van Rooij, F. J. A. and Dr, Van Wagoner and Van Wagoner, David R. and Ba, Oostra and Vartiainen, Erkki and Jm, Vonk and Viikari, Jorma and Vollenweider, Peter and Dr, Weir and Vonk, Judith M. and Waeber, Gerard and Weir, David R. and Wichmann, He-Erich and Jf, Wilson and Widen, Elisabeth and Af, Wright and Willemsen, Gonneke and Wilson, James F. and Wright, Alan F. and Leeuw, C. A. de and Conley, Dalton C. and Davey-Smith, George and Hofman, Bert and Franke, Lude L. and Groenen, Patrick J. F. and Slr, Kardia and Hofman, Albert and Smith, George Davey and Johannesson, Magnus and Rf, Krueger and Kardia, Sharon L. R. and Krueger, Robert F. and Ng, Martin and Laibson, David I. and Mn, Meyer and Martin, Nicholas G. and Meyer, Michelle N. and Pourcain, Beate St and Posthuma, Danielle and Nj, Timpson and Thurik, Ar Roy and Ag, Uitterlinden and Timpson, Nicholas J. and Van Duijn, C. M. and Uitterlinden, Andre G. and Pm, Visscher and Dj, Benjamin and Visscher, Peter M. and Benjamin, Daniel J. and Koelllinger, P. D. and Cesarini, David and Koellinger, Philipp D. and Other, And and Pd, Koellinger},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1235488},
  month = {may},
  title = {GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751588},
  year = {2013}
}

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GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment

Journal article published in 2013 by Rietveld Ca, J. E. de Neve, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Cornelius A. Rietveld, D. R. van Wagoner, P. L. de Jager, Jaime Derringer, Sarah E. Medland, Frank A. J. van Rooij

, Medland Se, Jian Yang, Nicolas W. Martin, Martin Nw, Tõnu Esko, Westra Hj and other authors. Rietveld Ca, J. E. de Neve, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Cornelius A. Rietveld, D. R. van Wagoner, P. L. de Jager, Jaime Derringer, Sarah E. Medland, Frank A. J. van Rooij

, Medland Se, Jian Yang, Nicolas W. Martin, Martin Nw, Tõnu Esko, Westra Hj, Arpana Agrawal, Alizadeh Bz, Eva Albrecht, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Konstantin Shakhbazov, J. Bamard, Najaf Amin, John Barnard, Abdel Abdellaoui, Baumeister Se, Sebastian E. Baumeister, Benke Ks, Harm-Jan Westra, Christiaan de Leeuw, Kelly S. Benke, Bielak Lf, Lawrence F. Bielak, Jeffrey A. Boatman, Frank JAan Rooij, Patricia A. Boyle, Gail Davies, Boyle Pa, Daniel S. Evans, Niina Eklund, Evans Ds, Rudolf Ferhmann, C. De Leeuw, Krista Fischer, D. S. Evans, Christian Gieger

, Håkon K. Gjessing, Gjessing Hk, Jennifer R. Harris, Sara Hägg, Ds S. Evans, Caroline Hayward, Christina Holzapfel, Harris Jr, Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas, Erik Ingelsson, S. Hagg, Bo Jacobsson, J. M. Harris, Peter K. Joshi, Astanand Jugessur, Marika A. Kaakinen, Joshi Pk, Stavroula Kanoni, Juha Karjalainen, Boatman Ja, Ivana Kolcic, Kati Kristiansson, Zoltán Kutalik, Jari Lahti, Sang H. Lee, Lee Sh, Peng Lin, Penelope A. Lind

, Lind Pa, Yongmei Liu, Kurt Lohman, Marisa Loitfelder, George McMahon, P. Marques Vidal, Pedro Marques Vidal, Osorio Meirelles, Lili Milani, Matthijs J. H. Mjhm van der Loos, Nuotio Ml, Ronny Myhre, Oldmeadow Cj, Marja-Liisa Nuotio, Petrovic Ke, Christopher J. Oldmeadow, Rudolf Fehrmann, Katja E. Petrovic, Wouter J. Peyrot, Peyrot Wj, Ozren Polasek, Lydia Quaye, Eva Reinmaa, John P. Rice, Rice Jp, Thais S. Rizzi, Rizzi Ts, Helena Schmidt, Reinhold Schmidt, Jennifer A. Smith, Albert V. Smith, Smith Ja, Toshiko Tanaka, J. A. Smith, Mariza de Andrade, Lei Yu, Antonio Terracciano, Wei Zhao, Henry Völzke, Jm R. Harris, Veronique Vitart, M. J. H. M. Van Der Loos, Smith Av, Jürgen Wellmann, Attia Jr, Jüri Allik

, H. Volzke, T. B. Harris, John R. Attia, Stefania Bandinelli, François Bastardot, Bennett Da, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Boomsma Di, David A. Bennett, Klaus Berger, Laura J. Bierut, V. Guthnason, Chabris Cf, Dorret I. Boomsma, Ute Bültmann, Harry Campbell, Chung Mk, Christopher F. Chabris, Lynn Cherkas, De Jager Pl, Mina K. Chung, Francesco Cucca, De Neve Je, Deary Ij, Dedoussis Gv, M. De Andrade, Philip L. De Jager, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Dm M. Evans, Ian J. Deary, Panos Deloukas, Elderson Mf, George V. Dedoussis, Maria Dimitriou, Eriksson Jg, Gudny Eiriksdottir, David M. Evans, Evans Dm, Martin F. Elderson, Faul Jd, Johan G. Eriksson, Jessica D. Faul

, D. M. Evans, Luigi Ferrucci, Garcia Me, Melissa E. Garcia, Henrik Grönberg, Per Hall, Harris Jm, Harris Tb, Juliette M. Harris, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Tamara B. Harris, Guonason, Hastie Nd, Nicholas D. Hastie, Hernandez Dg, Vilmundur Gudnason, Andrew C. Heath, Dena G. Hernandez, WHA (Adriaan) Hofman, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Adriaan Hofman, Holliday Eg, Rolf Holle, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Mika Kahonen, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Iacono Wg, William G. Iacono, Järvelin Mr, Thomas Illig, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Mika Kähönen, Kirkpatrick Rm, Jaakko Kaprio, Robert M. Kirkpatrick, A. Roy Thurik, Matthew Kowgier, Antti Latvala, Heath Ac, Lenore J. Launer, Debbie A. Lawlor, Terho Lehtimäki, Lawlor Da, Jingmei Li, Paul Lichtenstein, Peter Lichtner, Liewald Dc, David C. Liewald, Madden Pa, Pamela A. Madden, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Magnusson Pke, Mäkinen Te, Tomi E. Mäkinen, Te E. Makinen, Marco Masala, Matt McGue, Andres Metspalu, Andreas Mielck, Miller Mb, Michael B. Miller, Grant W. Montgomery, Montgomery Gw, Sutapa Mukherjee, Nyholt Dr, Palmer Lj, Ben A. Oostra, Lyle J. Palmer, Aarno Palotie, Dale R. Nyholt

, Penninx Bwjh, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Peyser Pa, Markus Perola, Patricia A. Peyser, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Katri Räikkönen, Martin Preisig, LifeLines Cohort Study, Raitakari Ot, Olli T. Raitakari, Anu Realo, Ring Sm, Susan M. Ring, K. Raikkonen, Samuli Ripatti, Fernando Rivadeneira, Igor Rudan, Aldo Rustichini, Veikko Salomaa, Sarin Ap, Antti-Pekka Sarin, David Schlessinger, Scott Rj, Rodney J. Scott, Harold Snieder, Beate St Pourcain

, Starr Jm, John M. Starr, Sul Jh, Jae Hoon Sul, Ida Surakka, Rauli Svento, Lifelines Cohort Study The, Alexander Teumer, Henning Tiemeier

, F. J. A. Van Rooij, Van Wagoner Dr, David R. Van Wagoner, Oostra Ba, Erkki Vartiainen, Vonk Jm, Jorma Viikari, Peter Vollenweider, Weir Dr, Judith M. Vonk, Gerard Waeber, David R. Weir, He-Erich Wichmann, Wilson Jf, Elisabeth Widen, Wright Af, Gonneke Willemsen, James F. Wilson, Alan F. Wright, C. A. de Leeuw, Dalton C. Conley, George Davey-Smith, Bert Hofman, Lude L. Franke, Patrick J. F. Groenen, Kardia Slr, Albert Hofman, George Davey Smith, Magnus Johannesson, Krueger Rf, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Robert F. Krueger, Martin Ng, David I. Laibson, Meyer Mn, Nicholas G. Martin, Michelle N. Meyer, Beate St Pourcain, Danielle Posthuma, Timpson Nj, Ar Roy Thurik, Uitterlinden Ag, Nicholas J. Timpson

, C. M. Van Duijn, Andre G. Uitterlinden, Visscher Pm, Benjamin Dj, Peter M. Visscher, Daniel J. Benjamin, P. D. Koelllinger, David Cesarini, Philipp D. Koellinger, And Other, Koellinger Pd

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Abstract

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

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GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment

Abstract