About 80% of people have had a low back pain at least once. The degenerative changes, which develop in the intervertebral disc, are result of the disturbed deposition of elastin and collagen, reduced glycosaminoglyan content, decreased water content in nucleus pulposus (from 90% to 60%), decreased vascularization and elasticity of the collagen structures. The dehydrated disc becomes thinner and more susceptible to trauma and compression. The pressure to annulus fibrosus increases as the results is a disc herniation and/or a disc protrusion. The symptomatic treatment of the low back pain is often insufficient. The development of new theurapeutic approaches designed to treat the disc pathology is required. The aim of this study is to describe the pathophysiology of the processes, which develop in the intervertebral disc (molecular, cellular and tissue changes). It is important to describe the structural changes in the intervertebral disc and the basic principles of the tissue engineering.