Slowing the progression of chronic kidney diseases needs new efficient treatments. Aldosterone classically acts on the distal nephron: it allows sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion and participates to blood volume control. Recently, new targets of aldosterone have been described including the heart and the vasculature but also non-epithelial kidney cells such as mesangial cells, podocytes and renal fibroblasts. The pathophysiological implication of aldosterone and its receptor, the mineralocorticoid receptor has been demonstrated ex vivo in cell culture and in vivo in experimental animal models with kidney damages such as diabetic and hypertensive kidney nephropathies, chronic kidney disease and glomerulopathies. The beneficial effects of the pharmacological antagonists of the mineralocorticoid receptor are independent of the hypertensive effect of aldosterone, indicating that blocking the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in these non-classical renal targets may be of clinical importance. Several clinical studies now report benefit and safety when using spironolactone or eplerenone, the currently available mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, in patients with kidney diseases. In this review, we discuss the recent results reported in experimental and clinical research in this domain.