Destruction and fragmentation of habitats represent one of the most important threats for biodiversity. Here, we examined the effects of fragmentation in Mediterranean forests on the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (Lobariaceae). We tested the hypothesis that not only the level of fragmentation affects L. pulmonaria populations, but also the quality of the habitat and the nature of the surrounding matrix affect them. The presence and abundance of the lichen was recorded on 2039 trees in a total of 31 stands. We recorded habitat quality and landscape variables at three hierarchical levels: tree, plot, and patch. We found that L. pulmonaria tends to occur in trees with larger diameters in two types of surveyed forests. In Quercus pyrenaica patches, the mean diameter of colonized trees was smaller, suggesting the importance of bark roughness. Factors affecting the presence and cover of the lichen in each type of forest were different. There was a strong positive influence of distance from a river in beech forests, whereas proximity to forest edge positively affected in oak forests. The influence of the surrounding matrix was also an important factor explaining the epiphytic lichen abundance.