This paper reviews the use of NMR metabolomics for the metabolic characterization of renal cancer. The existing challenges in the clinical management of this disease are first presented, followed by a brief introduction to the metabolomics approach, in the context of cancer research. A subsequent review of the literature on NMR metabolic studies of renal cancer reveals that the subject has been clearly underdeveloped, compared with other types of cancer, particularly regarding cultured cells and tissue analysis. NMR analysis of biofluids has focused on blood (plasma or serum) metabolomics, comprising no account of studies on human urine, in spite of its noninvasiveness and physiological proximity to the affected organs. Finally, some areas of potential future development are identified.