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Elsevier, Immunity, 2(41), p. 339-340, 2014

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.009

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Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines

Journal article published in 2014 by Peter J. Murray, Derek W. Gilroy, Sergij Goerdt, Siamon Gordon, Judith E. Allen ORCID, John A. Hamilton, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, Subhra K. Biswas, Toby Lawrence, Edward A. Fisher ORCID, Massimo Locati, Alberto Mantovani, Fernando O. Martinez, Jean-Louis Mege, David M. Mosser and other authors.
This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the biblical Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used in different ways. The lack of consensus on how to define macrophage activation in experiments in vitro and in vivo impedes progress in multiple ways, including the fact that many researchers still consider there to be only the two types of activated macrophages often termed M1 and M2. Here we describe a set of standards for the field encompassing three principles: the source of macrophages, definition of the activators, and a consensus collection of markers to describe macrophage activation, with the goal of unifying experimental standards for diverse experimental scenarios. Collectively, we propose a common framework for macrophage activation nomenclature.