Centers for Disease Control and Prevention built up new surveillance paradigms for the patients on mechanical ventilation and the ventilator-associated events, comprising ventilator-associated conditions and infection-related ventilator-associated complications. We assess 1) the current epidemiology of ventilator-associated event, 2) the relationship between ventilator-associated event and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and 3) the impact of ventilator-associated event on antimicrobials consumption and mechanical ventilation duration.DESIGN:Inception cohort study from the longitudinal prospective French multicenter OUTCOMEREA database (1996-2012).PATIENTS:Patients on mechanical ventilation for greater than or equal to 5 consecutive days were classified as to the presence of a ventilator-associated event episode, using slightly modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions.INTERVENTION:None.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:Among the 3,028 patients, 2,331 patients (77%) had at least one ventilator-associated condition, and 869 patients (29%) had one infection-related ventilator-associated complication episode. Multiple causes, or the lack of identified cause, were frequent. The leading causes associated with ventilator-associated condition and infection-related ventilator-associated complication were nosocomial infections (27.3% and 43.8%), including ventilator-associated pneumonia (14.5% and 27.6%). Sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia were 0.92 and 0.28 for ventilator-associated condition and 0.67 and 0.75 for infection-related ventilator-associated complication, respectively. A good correlation was observed between ventilator-associated condition and infection-related ventilator-associated complication episodes, and ventilator-associated pneumonia occurrence: R = 0.69 and 0.82 (p