Tropical forest management response options to global warming include sustained harvest of timber, extraction of non-timber forest products, silvicultural plantations, agroforestry, managed secondary succession and forest maintenance (including both reserve protection and policy changes affecting deforestation). Socio-economic factors affect C management projects, and vice versa, and can negate C benefits and cause hardship for local populations. Forest maintenance has significant C benefits, as well as other environmental and social advantages. Prerequisites include understanding causes of deforestation.