In Italy, measures against bovine tuberculosis (BTB) were enforced for the first time in 1954, with compulsory slaughtering of bovines showing clinical evidence of TB. Voluntary eradication plans, based on the identification of infected animals by tuberculin test, started in 1964. Mycobacterium bovis in wildlife is mainly reported in wild boar. Biomolecular techniques are determinant to improve the level of understanding for the strategic planning and effective management of public intervention. The potential of M. bovis to be transmitted to man is one of the main reasons of concern associated with the presence of this agent in domestic animals and wildlife. Major losses suffered by farmers in meat production are caused by the anticipated culling of infected cattle, the reduced income for the meat industry being usually less important. Residual prevalence of TB in the final phase of eradication programs is of major concern for the farming industry.