Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents one of the major pools in the global C cycle. Therefore, even small changes in SOC stocks cause important CO 2 fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmo-sphere. However, SOC stocks are difficult to quantify accurately due to their high spatial variability. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Imaging Spectroscopy (IS) using the Compact Air-borne Spectrographic Imager (CASI; 405–950 nm) and field spec-troscopy with an Analytical Spectral Devices spectrometer (ASD; 350–2500 nm) to measure SOC content in heterogeneous agricultural soils. We used both stepwise and partial least square (PLS) regression analysis to relate spectral measurements to SOC contents. Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) for the ASD ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 g C kg 21 depending on soil moisture content of the surface layer. Imaging spec-troscopy performed poorly, mainly due to the narrow spectral range of the CASI. Tests using both the CASI and the Shortwave infrared Airborne Spectrographic Imager (SASI; 900–2500 nm) showed better results. The variation in soil texture and soil moisture content de-grades the spectral response to SOC contents. Currently, SEP allows to detect a SOC stock change of 7.2–9.9 Mg C ha 21 in the upper 30 cm of the soil, and is therefore still somewhat high in comparison with changes in SOC stocks as a result of management or land conversion (0.3–1.9 Mg C ha 21 yr 21). A detailed SOC maps produced by IS re-flected the patterns in SOC contents due to the recent conversion from grassland to cropland.