A strong oxidizer, osmium tetroxide (OsO4) is a highly toxic and irritative species. Its volatility enhances the risk of intoxication by inhalation in areas with poor ventilation. Osmium tetroxide attacks mainly skin, mucous membranes, nose, and eyes at very low concentrations. These are the main reasons why osmium tetroxide may be abused as a chemical weapon in public areas with limited air circulation (airports, shopping centres). Therefore, stringent monitoring is needed. Analytical methodologies, approaches, and strategies for the detection of osmium tetroxide are comprehensively surveyed in the proposed work.