The potential of lignocellulosic natural fibres as renewable resources for thermal conversion and material reinforcement is largely dependent on the correlation between their chemical composition, crystalline structure and thermal decomposition properties. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition of cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf and jute natural fibres in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content, which influence their morphology, thermal properties and pyrolysis product distribution. A suitable methodology to study the kinetics of the thermal decomposition process of lignocellulosic fibres is proposed combining different models (Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Criado and Coats–Redfern). Cellulose pyrolysis can be modelled with similar kinetic parameters for all the natural fibres whereas the kinetic parameters for hemicellulose pyrolysis show intrinsic differences that can be assigned to the heterogeneous hemicellulose sugar composition in each natural fibre. This study provides the ground to critically select the most promising fibres to be used either for biofuel or material applications. ; Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) Foundation ; Ministry of Education (Spain) FPI program ; Moriana Torró, R.; Vilaplana Domingo, FJ.; Karlsson, S.; Ribes Greus, MD. (2014). Correlation of chemical, structural and thermal properties of naturalfibres for their sustainable exploitation. Carbohydrate Polymers. 112:422-431. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.009. ; Senia ; 422 ; 431 ; 112