Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) was initially characterized as a general lysosome-dependent pathway by which cytoplasmic components are recycled in response to stress and starvation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). More recently, this degradative pathway has been found to be involved in a wide variety of processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, promoting both cell survival and antigen presentation (Virgin and Levine, 2009). Autophagy has been found to selectively target cytosolic or membrane-bound pathogens, including a variety of bacteria, parasites, and viruses (Virgin and Levine, 2009). The mechanism by which autophagy is specifically activated for targeted degradation of pathogens remains to be fully elucidated.