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American Institute of Physics, Applied Physics Letters, 26(107), p. 263102

DOI: 10.1063/1.4938482

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Full information acquisition in piezoresponse force microscopy

Journal article published in 2015 by Suhas Somnath, Alexei Belianinov ORCID, Sergei V. Kalinin ORCID, Stephen Jesse
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Abstract

The information flow from the tip-surface junction to the detector electronics during the piezoresponse force microscopy(PFM) imaging is explored using the recently developed general mode (G-mode) detection. Information-theory analysis suggests that G-mode PFM in the non-switching regime, close to the first resonance mode, contains a relatively small (100–150) number of components containing significant information. The first two primary components are similar to classical PFM images, suggesting that classical lock-in detection schemes provide high veracity information in this case. At the same time, a number of transient components exhibit contrast associated with surfacetopography, suggesting pathway to separate the two. The number of significant components increases considerably in the non-linear and switching regimes and approaching cantilever resonances, precluding the use of classical lock-in detection and necessitating the use of band excitation or G-mode detection schemes. The future prospects of full information imaging in scanning probe microscopy are discussed.