American Geophysical Union, Journal of Geophysical Research, A7(115), 2010
DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015039
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The angle ($\theta$Bn) between the normal to an interplanetary shock front and the upstream magnetic field direction, though often thought of as a property “of the shock,” is also determined by the configuration of the magnetic field immediately upstream of the shock. We investigate the interplanetary circumstances of 105 near-Earth quasi-perpendicular shocks during 1996–2005 identified by $\theta$Bn ≥ 80° and/or by evidence of shock drift particle acceleration. Around 87% of these shocks were driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs); the remainder were probably the forward shocks of corotating interaction regions. For around half of the shocks, the upstream field was approximately perpendicular to the radial direction, either east-west or west-east or highly inclined to the ecliptic. Such field directions will give quasi-perpendicular configurations for radially propagating shocks. Around 30% of the shocks were propagating through, or closely followed, ICMEs at the time of observation. Another quarter were propagating through the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS), and a further quarter occurred in slow solar wind that did not have characteristics of the HPS. Around 11% were observed in high-speed streams, and 7% in the sheaths following other shocks. The fraction of shocks found in high-speed streams is around a third of that expected based on the fraction of the time when such streams were observed at Earth. Quasi-perpendicular shocks are found traveling through ICMEs around 2–3 times more frequently than expected. In addition, shocks propagating through ICMEs are more likely to have larger values of $\theta$Bn than shocks outside ICMEs.