Aerobic oxidation of glucose in the presence of Au/Al2O3 catalysts with different dispersion of supported gold and Au/C catalysts containing highly dispersed gold nanoparticles was studied at varied glucose:Au molar ratios. The studies were focused on determining the contribution of the mass-transfer processes to the overall reaction kinetics in different regimes. The Au/Al2O3 catalysts were more active than the Au/C catalysts at high glucose:Au molar ratios. Among the alumina-supported catalysts with different metal dispersion, the highest TOF at high glucose:Au molar ratios was characteristic of the Au/Al2O3 catalysts bearing metal particles of 1–5 nm in size. Under these conditions, the high effectiveness factor of the Au/Al2O3 catalysts (>95%) was observed at a uniform gold distribution through the support granules. For the Au/C catalysts with the non-uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles through the catalyst grains, the apparent reaction rate was affected by internal diffusion (the effectiveness factor of a catalyst grain is ca. 70%), while the interface gas–liquid–solid oxygen transfer influenced the overall reaction kinetics as well. At a low glucose:Au molar ratio the reaction rate was limited by oxygen dissolution in the aqueous phase. In this mass transfer regime the rate of glucose oxidation over the carbon-supported catalysts exceeds the reaction rate over the alumina-supported catalyst, which is attributed to a higher adhesion of the hydrophobic carbon support to the gas–liquid interface facilitating the oxygen mass transfer towards catalytic sites.