Hydro-alcoholic extracts from leaves of Camellia sinensis (green-and black-tea leaves) were submitted to a fractionation, promoting the compound separation according to their polarity, and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A wide range of compounds could be identified, such as catechins and their gallate (esters) or oxidation derivatives (theaflavins), glycosylated flavonoids and other phenolics, as well as lipids, saponins and alkaloids. Also have been developed, via bio-guided examination, the gastroprotective property of the compounds identified. The samples were assayed using the model of acute gastric lesions induced in rats by ethanol. Hydro-alcoholic extracts of green-tea and black-tea protected the gastric mucosa with ED 50 = 3.6 and 10.2 mg/kg, respectively, with participation of gas-tric mucus and reduced glutathione (GSH). The ethyl acetate fraction from green-tea and aqueous fraction from black-tea were, respectively, 6 and 10 times more effectiveness than the initial extracts. Moreover, the epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 0.204 mg/kg), a main component of ethyl acetate fraction from green tea, reduced the gastric lesion by 56% and restored the mucus levels, however the rutin (0.0133 mg/kg), a flavonoid found in the most active fraction of black-tea, was less significant at the natural concentrations. These results have confirmed that the different compounds present in green-and black-tea hydro-alcoholic extracts and partitioned fractions produce relevant gastroprotection mainly via maintenance of the protective factors, mucus and GSH.