The Makings of a Choosy Pathogen The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is responsible for potato blight. A closely related pathogen afflicts the 4 o'clock flower. To assess why such similar pathogens are restricted to one host or the other, Dong et al. (p. 552 ; see the Perspective by Coaker ) analyzed similar effectors from both pathogens. The results suggest that the host specialization that led to evolutionary divergence depends on reciprocal single–amino acid changes that tailor the pathogen effector to a specific host protease that is being disabled. Thus, small changes can open the door for a pathogen to jump to another species of host and, itself, diversify into another species of pathogen.