Discovery of haemoglobin A expression outside of the erythroid cell lineage suggests that oxygen transport is the main, but not the unique, function of adult haemoglobin chains in mammals. The contribution of haemoglobin A to antioxidant defences has been proposed in the territories where it is expressed. Catecholaminergic cells rely on an active oxidative metabolism to accomplish their biological function, but are exposed to strong oxidative stress due to metabolism of catecholaminergic transmitters. We show in the present study that peripheral catecholaminegic cells express the α- and not the β-haemoglobin A chains, and that α-haemoglobin expression could modulate the antioxidant capabilities of these cells. We also show that α-haemoglobin overexpression in PC12 cells leads to a selective increase of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis and activity. This is achieved by means of a reorganization of antioxidant defences, decreasing cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and increasing mitochondrial peroxidase. Moreover, α-haemoglobin induces a decrease in lipogenesis and increase in lipid degradation, situations that help save NAD(P)H and favour supply of acetyl-CoA to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and production of reducing equivalents in the cell. All of these results point to a role for α-haemoglobin as a regulator of catecholaminergic cell metabolism required for phenotype acquisition and maintenance.