Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is the master cytokine in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. TGF-beta 1 and extent of fibrosis were correlated recently to the serpin SERPINB3 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic disease recalling liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between SERPINB3, TGF-beta 1 and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases and to determine the effect of this serpin on TGF-beta 1 expression using in vitro models. SERPINB3 and TGF-beta 1 were evaluated in liver biopsies of 94 patients with chronic liver disease. The effect of SERPINB3 on TGF-beta 1 expression was determined in primary human hepatocytes, HepG2 and Huh7 cells transfected with intact SERPINB3 human gene or with reactive site loop deleted mutants. A significant correlation between TGF-beta 1 and SERPINB3 at the protein level was observed in liver biopsies, confirmed by a positive correlation at mRNA level. Both proteins were correlated to the extent of liver fibrosis. All transfected cells showed increased TGF-beta 1 mRNA and protein production and the integrity of the reactive site loop of the serpin was crucial to achieve this effect. In conclusion, chronically damaged hepatocytes produce SERPINB3 and TGF-beta, and the anti-protease activity of this serpin might be implicated in TGF-beta 1 induction.