PC1 (PC3) and PC2, members of the mammalian family of proprotein convertases homologous to the yeast Kex2 gene product, are both expressed in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Recent studies have suggested that PC1 and PC2 are responsible for the conversion of proinsulin to insulin and connecting peptide (C-peptide) in the islet beta cells. However, the insulin-secreting beta cells are not the only cells present in these complex micro-organs, prompting us to evaluate the expression of PC1 and PC2 in islet beta and non-beta cells. Rat islet cells were sorted by autofluorescence-activated flow cytometry to separate beta cells from non-beta cells, and conversion endoprotease levels were analysed by Western blotting. The immunolabel ratio of PC1/PC2 in beta cells was 2.6. Non-beta cells displayed much lower levels of PC1 than beta cells, but twice as much PC2 (PC1/PC2 = 0.05). Post-translational modification of the convertases themselves was found to differ between the cell types. In particular, a 75 kDa precursor form of PC2 (pro-PC2) was found to accumulate in beta cells, whereas only the fully processed 67 kDa form was detected in the non-beta cells. Finally, the quantification of PC1 and PC2 and their precursor forms in transformed cells (insulin-producing beta-TC and glucagon-producing alpha-TC) showed that transformation appeared to be accompanied by unusually high levels of the precursors.